TUGAS SOFTSKIL

TUGAS SOFTSKIL

BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2#

MODAL VERB

What are modal verbs?

Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great variety of communicative functions.

Here are some characteristics of modal verbs:

·         They never change their form. You can't add "s", "ed", "ing"...

·         They are always followed by an infinitive without "to" (e.i. the bare infinitive.)

·         They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability

List of modal verbs

1. can

Use	Examples
ability to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be able to)	I can speak English.
permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)	Can I go to the cinema?
Request	Can you wait a moment, please?
Offer	I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
Suggestion	Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?
Possibility	It can get very hot in Arizona.

2. could

Use		Examples
ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to)		I could speak English.
permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to)		I could go to the cinema.
permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to)	I could go to the cinema.
polite question *	Could I go to the cinema, please?
polite request *	Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer *	I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
polite suggestion *	Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility *	It could get very hot in Montana.

3. may

Use	Examples
Possibility	It may rain today.
permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)	May I go to the cinema?
polite suggestion	May I help you?

4. might

Use	Examples
possibility (less possible than may) *	It might rain today.
hesitant offer *	Might I help you?

5. must

Use	Examples
force, necessity	I must go to the supermarket today.
Possibility	You must be tired.
advice, recommendation	You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.

6. must not/may not

Use	Examples
prohibition (must is a little stronger)	You mustn't work on dad's computer.
	You may not work on dad's computer.

7. need not

Use	Examples
sth. is not necessary	I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the restaurant tonight.

8. ought to

simliar to should – ought to sounds a little less subjective

Use	Examples
Advice	You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
Obligation	You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room.

9. shall

used instead of will in the 1st person

Use	Examples
Suggestion	Shall I carry your bag?

10. should

Use	Examples
Advice	You should drive carefully in bad weather.
Obligation	You should switch off the light when you leave the room.

11. will

Use	Examples
wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would)	Will you please shut the door?
prediction, assumption	I think it will rain on Friday.
Promise	I will stop smoking.
spontaneous decision	Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will.
Habits	She's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking.

12. would

Use	Examples
wish, request (more polite than will)	Would you shut the door, please?
habits in the past	Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.

Difference in Modal Verb

1.      Ought to

These verbs are all modal verbs, which means that they are generally used in combination with other verbs, and are used to change the verb's meaning to something different from simple fact. Modals express possibility, ability, prediction, permission, and necessity.

"Ought" is probably the simplest of this set of modal verbs. It's almost always followed by "to" and the infinitive form of a verb. It means the same thing as "should," and is used in the same ways, although "ought" is less common and a bit more formal. A few examples of "ought" are "We ought to be home by noon," which means "I expect that we will be home by noon," and "I ought to fix that," which means "I should fix that."

2.      May , Might, Could

"May," "might," and "could" can all be used to say that something is possible, as in "The story may/might/could be true" or "The painting may/might/could be very old." You can use any of the three in contexts like these.

"May" and "might" can both be used to say that one thing is true but that something else is also true, as in "This car may/might be more expensive than the other cars, but it will be cheaper to maintain." (If we used "could" instead of "may" or "might" here the sentence would mean that it is not certain that the car is more expensive than the other cars.

3.      May, Can, Cloud

Both "may" and "can" are used to indicate that something is allowed, but "may" is more formal: "You may leave whenever you like" is more formal than "You can go whenever you want to." Children are often taught that only "may" is used for permission, and that "can" is used only for ability. (For example, a child may ask a question like "Can I go outside?" and the responding adult might correct the child by saying that the child is able to go outside, but must ask permission by using "may.") "Can," however, is often used for permission.

"Can," "may," and "could" are all used to make requests. "May" is formal in these contexts, while "can" and "could" appear mainly in speech: "May I have your attention?" is more formal than "Can I have your attention?" or "Could I have your attention?"Making matters even more confusing, I think, is that two of the modal verbs we're discussing are, aside from being modal verbs in their own rights, the past tense forms of two of the others: "might" can be used as the past tense of "may," and "could" is the past tense of "can." "Might" functions as the past tense of "may" mostly in formal contexts, as in "Generously, the senator inquired as to whether she might be of any help to us." "(The usual way of expressing past tense with "may" is "may" followed by "have" and a past participle. The sentence "It may take longer than they expect it to," becomes "It may have taken longer than they expected it to.") "Could" is the usual past tense of "can": "We could see the ocean from the window of the cabin." (see also the usage note at "can") For further guidance on these verbs, check the entries for each.

4.      Will & would

We use will to talk about the future,  to say what we believe will happen, to talk about what people want to do or are willing to do, to make promises and offers.

Would is the past tense form of will. Because it is a past tense it is used, to talk about the past, to talk about hypotheses – things that are imagined rather than true, for politeness.

5.      Shall & Should

In England, shall is used to express the simple future for first person I and we, as in "Shall we meet by the river?". Using shall in second and third persons would indicate some kind of promise about the subject, as in "This shall be revealed to you in good time." This usage is certainly acceptable in the U.S., although shall is used far less frequently. The distinction between the two is often obscured by the contraction 'll, which is the same for both verbs.

In the United States, we seldom use shall for anything other than polite questions (suggesting an element of permission) in the first-person:

1.      "Shall we go now?"

2.      "Shall I call a doctor for you?"

(In the second sentence, many writers would use should instead, although should is somewhat more tentative than shall.)

Should is usually replaced, nowadays, by would. It is still used, however, to mean "ought to" as in

1.      You really shouldn't do that.

2.      If you think that was amazing, you should have seen it last night.

In British English and very formal American English, one is apt to hear or read should with the first-person pronouns in expressions of liking such as "I should prefer iced tea" and in tentative expressions of opinion such as

1.      I should imagine they'll vote Conservative.

2.      I should have thought so.

6.      Must & Have to

We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a logical deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason. We also use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.).

We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary. in British English, we often use 'have got to' to mean the same as 'have to'.

Daftar pustaka

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-modals.php

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/hilfsverben2.htm

http://www.talkenglish.com/grammar/auxiliary-verbs-can-could-may-might-must.aspx

https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/will-would-shall-should

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/auxiliary.htm

TUGAS SOFTSKIL

SOFTSKIL

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2#

COMPARISONS AND COMPARATIVES

       

1.      Equal Comparisons

(+ )  Jeff Smith is as Handsome as Marcel Chandrawinata

( - )  Jeff Smith is not as Handsome as Marcel Chandrawinata

(? )  Does Jeff Smith as Handsome as Marcel Chandrawinta ?  

(+)  Jeff Smith Acting as Professional as Marcel Chandrawinata

(- )  Jeff Smith Acting not as Professional as Marcel Chandrawinata

(? ) Does Jeff Smith Acting as Professional as Marcel Chandrawinata?

2.      Unqual Comparisons

(+)  Marcel Chandrawinata is more Successful than Jeff Smith

(+)  Marcel Chandrawinata speaks germany more Fluetly than Jeff Smith

(- )  Jeff Smith is not more Successful than Marcel Chandrawinta

3.      Double Comperative

·         The more Jeff Smith worked, the easily he can be success

·         The more Marcel exercises, the fast he can lose weight

·       The higher the rice price is, the more miserable the cina people are

4.        Superlatives

·         USA is the most famous technology in the world

·         This is the most inspire experience I have ever had

·         Jeff is the most handsome boy in the whole school 

TUGAS 3 "Complain Letter"

Complain Letter about Hotel Service

Dear sir/ madam,

I am sorry to send you the letter, it’s about my complains for your hotel.

Some day ago, it was on 29^th December 2016, me and my friends is on vocation and stayed in your Chandrawinata Hotel. I think the room that I’ve booked feels good and comfortable but not correspondence we were so panic after looking the cockroach on the floor. It did not stop about it, we looked the curtain was so dirty. When we spread curtain out much dust on it.

I felt disappointed because the air conditioner was broken so we were in hot but there was no you officer who come to check ot or gave some solution. Your hotel service is very bad and very slow service or unfriendly service.

I ordered food through room service at 8pm and the food will come soon. But until 11pm, the food doesn’t even come. And I call back until over there times, finally the food has come and your waiters only delivering food but did not apologize for the delay. Then, when lam concerned for the delay and the food was delivered is not fresh, waiter who delivered the food, simply ignore it and left me

So I hope, your hotel service is more good and friendly. Similiarly we say in this letter with the intention then the future is not the same thing happen. Thank you for attention

Yours faithfully,

Saraswati Handayani

TUGAS 2 Bahasa Inggris "Inquiry Letter"

                                                                                                          

Inquiry Letter

  December, 9^th 2016

From:

Saraswati Handayani

Bekasi

To:

Authentic Steel Auck

Bangladesh

Dear Sir/Madam

Subject : Request for Business Inquiry

I saw your adverstment in the “Television” a few days ago and interested in your steel products.

Please let us have the details of your product, if the various types of products related to specific machines design and features at our factory, and I want to order steel pipes for oil and gas. And the total length of the pipe around 2,4 km for both oil and gas, with 3 meters in diameter. I hope you will give me details information about the material that used to make the pipe and the length of each pipe because your products is a nice one and importing steel and titanium.

If the quality is satisfactory and discount I want to deal the shipping contract. Because I need the steel pipes on January 14^th, 2017, so can you send the pipes in two weeks? Because we know these day the weather are easy to change. And we wont our pipes come late.

I hope to receive your reply soon.

Yours faithfully,

Saraswati Handayani

Sales Manager 

TUGAS 1 Bahasa Inggris " Surat Lamaran Kerja & Curriculum Vitae "

LOWONGAN PEKERJAAN

SURAT LAMARAN KERJA

Bekasi , 19 Oktober  2016

Attention:

Personel Manager of  PT. AT INDONESIA.

Gedung  PT. AT INDONESIA  .

Jl. Kemandoran Kav.27 

Jawa Barat

Dear Sir/Madam,

In response to your advertisement in today’s issue of ‘Jakarta Post’ for the position of Accounting Staff, I am interested to joint and to contribute with your respected company.

My name is Saraswati Handayani, I am twenty two years old. I am a fresh graduated from University of Gunadarma on November this year. My scholastic record is satisfactory and also skilled at Accounting duties. I am be able to use English both oral and written, computer literate, able to use MS Office package such as MS Excel, MS Word, MS PowerPoint, MS OutLook and Internet, also familiar with English Correspondences and Administration duties.

 I consider myself that I have qualifications as you want. I have good motivation for progress and growing, eager to learn, and can work with a team or by myself. Beside that I posses adequate computer skill and have good command in English both spoken and written.

With my qualifications, I confident that I will be able to contribute effectively to your company. Herewith I enclose my :

1. Copy of Bachelor Degree (S-1) Certificate and Academic Transcript.
2. Curriculum Vitae.
3. Copy of Job Training Certificate from Coral Mine Company.
4. Recent photograph with size of 4×6

I would express my gratitude for your attention and I hope I could be the pasrt of your company.

Sincerely

Saraswati Handayani

CURRICULUM VITAE

SARASWATI HANDAYANI 

Experience                                                                                 My Profile

• LABORATORY BASIC ACCUNTING        First I want to tell about My Profile. My name                     (2015-2018)                                      is Saraswati Handayani. I am a female. My                                                                                     nickname is Saras. My Religion is Moslem. I                                                                                 was born in Bekasi on January 14, 1996. My                                                                                 First child of two siblings. My Status is                                                                                           Single. I live in Villa Bekasi                             

Education

I start my education at State Elementary School                                                                             Sumber Jaya 06 from 2002 to 2008. In 2008 until 2011 i studied at 07  Junior High School Tambun -   selatan, Bekasi. When i was at Junior High School,  i took one extracurricullars, that is a Basket but both of them did not last long only approximately 2 year. After graduated from Junior                           High School, i register my self at YADIKA 13 Senior High School. My organization experience         is i’d ever be member of Osis YADIKA 13 Senior High School,  After graduated from YADIKA 13   Senior High School, I studied at Gunadarma University and majored in Accounting. In             Gunadarma University i’d ever be Assistant Laboratory Basic Of Accounting.  I finished my            University in 2018. It took four years to finish my college.

Ability                                                                                       Achievement

Computerization                                              I have four certificates from MYOB (Mind                                                                                                           Your Own Business), Zahir, Personal Income                                                                                                    Tax and Laboratory Basic Accounting.

MS Word                      µµµµµ

MS Exel                         µµµµµ

MS Power Point        µµµµµ

Internet                       µµµµµ

Photoshop                  µµµ

Prowess                                                                              E-mail

                                                                                              Sarasyayah@gmail.com

Bhs Indonesia            µµµµµ

Bhs Inggris                  µµµ

Contoh Kasus Pasar Tidak Sehat- Kasus Monopoli Manajer akusisi

TUGAS ASPEK HUKUM DALAM EKONOMI #

PASAR TIDAK SEHAT – KASUS MONOPOLI

Disusun oleh :

SARASWATI.H

2A214047

2EB30

Dosen : Widiyarsih

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

ATA 2016

PT HM Sampoerna Tbk

Generasi ketiga keluarga Sampoerna, Putera Sampoerna, mengambil alih kemudi perusahaan pada tahun 1978. Di bawah kendalinya, Sampoerna berkembang pesat dan menjadi perseroan publik pada tahun 1990 dengan struktur usaha modern, dan memulai masa investasi dan ekspansi. Selanjutnya Sampoerna berhasil memperkuat posisinya sebagai salah satu perusahaan terkemuka di Indonesia.

Keberhasilan Sampoerna menarik perhatian Philip Morris International Inc. (PMI), salah satu perusahaan rokok terkemuka di dunia. Akhirnya pada bulan Maret 2005, PT Philip Morris Indonesia, afiliasi dari PMI, mengakuisisi kepemilikan mayoritas atas Sampoerna.

Keluarga Putera Sampoerna dan sejumlah pemegang saham lain menjual sahamnya sebanyak 40% di PT HM Sampoerna kepada Phillip Morris International Inc. pada Tanggal 18 Maret 2005. Produsen rokok asal Amerika Serikat itu, lewat anak usahanya PT Phillip Morris Indonesia, membeli saham Sampoerna dengan harga Rp 10.600 per lembar senilai US$ 2 miliar (Rp 18,6 triliun).

Siaran pers Phillip Morris menyebutkan, Phillip Morris telah menandatangani perjanjian untuk mengakuisisi 40% saham Sampoerna, termasuk saham milik DuBuis Holding Limited. DuBuis merupakan perusahaan yang dikendalikan Putera Sampoerna. Setelah akuisisi 40% saham itu rampung, Phillip Morris melakukan penawaran tender untuk membeli sisa saham Sampoerna milik publik. Saham Sampoerna milik masyarakat dibeli dengan harga Rp 10.600 per lembar. Harga penawaran ini premium (Iebih tinggi) 20% dibanding harga saham Sampoerna pada 10 Maret 2005 sebesar Rp 8.850 per lembar. Dengan asumsi semua dibeli lewat tender, nilai perusahaan Sampoerna mencapai Rp 48 triliun (US$ 5,2 miliar). Nilai itu termasuk utang perusahaan sebesar Rp 1,5 triliun.

 Pembelian saham HM Sampoerna oleh Philip Morris International (PMI) dengan nilai transaksi diperkirakan mencapai US$ 5,2 miliar akan semakin mengukuhkan posisi Philips Morris di pasar rokok dunia. Meski dibayangi keluarnya perda larangan merokok, Philip Morris tak gentar dan tetap meyakini pasar rokok di Indonesia yang saat ini menduduki peringkat kelima dunia akan terus tumbuh.

"Ambisi kami adalah bersama-sama akan menjadi pemimpin pasar di Indonesia, sebaik pertumbuhan rokok Marlboro. Untuk berpartisipasi secara penuh di pasar Indonesia, anda harus menyuguhkan apa yang diinginkan konsumen," kata Chief Executive Altria yang merupakan induk dari PMI Louis Camilleri

Ekspansi besar-besaran Philip Morris ini adalah dalam rangka memperluas pangsa pasar internasionalnya setelah pangsa pasarnya di AS mendapat hambatan dari pemerintah AS. Selain itu juga pasar PMI terdesak oleh meningkatnya kepedulian atas risiko kesehatan akibat rokok terutama di AS dan Eropa.

"Pasar di AS tidak tumbuh pada level yang diharapkan. Selain itu juga bakal munculnya hambatan bagi perokok di Eropa Barat. Sementara di beberapa negara berkembang, ancaman itu tidak ada," kata analis dari Argus, Erin Smith.

Pada Tahun 2004, penjualan domestik Philip Morris hanya tumbuh 3 persen menjadi US$ 17,51 miliar, sementara penjualan internasionalnya justru melonjak hingga 18 persen menjadi US$ 39,54 persen. Selain itu, pembelian Sampoerna, akan menjadikan PMI sebagai produsen rokok

terbesar kedua di Indonesia.

Menurut Camilleri, PMI AS dan bisnis rokok internasionalnya akan membuatnya menjadi perusahaan rokok yang tercatat di bursa terbesar di dunia. Dengan transaksi senilai US$ 5,2 miliar ini akan memuluskan langkah PMI di pangsa kretek yang selama ini menguasai pangsa pasar Indonesia hingga 92 persen atau sekitar 210 miliar batang. Sementara PMI dengan produk andalannya Marlboro hanya menguasai 8 persennya.

Penawaran senilai Rp 48,62 trilyun itu dinilai mengejutkan karena Phillip Morris berani mengajukan penawaran setinggi itu di tengah kekhawatiran menurunnya kinerja industri rokok karena isu kesehatan. Dengan adanya akuisisi tersebut, Phillip Morris masih berencana untuk memperluas pasarnya, serta menutup kerugian yang terjadi akibat kampanye anti rokok serta pembatasan yang diakibatkan penyakit yang ditimbulkan oleh kebiasaan merokok di negara lain. Indonesia, dengan jumlah populasi sekitar 213 juta jiwa, adalah negara dengan konsumsi rokok terbesar kelima, setelah China, Amerika Serikat, Jepang, dan Rusia.Sekitar 70% penduduk laki-Iaki di Indonesia adalah perokok dan jumlah wanita perokok di negara ini juga terus bertambah. Kondisi seperti ini dinilai sebagai pasar yang besar untuk industri rokok manapun.

OPINI

Dari penjelasan dia atas dapat dilihat bahwa Philip Morris International (PMI) mengakusisi PT HM Sampoerna karena Philip Morris ingin merajai pangsa pasar Industri rokok di Indonesia , setelah pangsa pasarnya di AS mendapat hambatan dari pemerintah AS. Selain itu juga PMI terdesak oleh meningkatnya kepedulian atas risiko kesehatan akibat rokok terutama di AS dan Eropa tetapi kurang berlaku di Asia. Dengan  bisnis rokok kretek di dalam negeri cukup besar hingga mencapai sekitar 92 % dari total konsumsi rokok. Maka dari itu PMI mengakusisi PT HM Sampoerna .

Dalam kasus ini UU yang dikenai pasal 19 Huruf D Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999. Dalam Pasal 19 Huruf D disebutkan “ Pelaku usaha dilarang melakukan satu atau beberapa kegiatan , baik sendirian maupun bersama pelaku usaha lain , yang dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya praktek monopoli atau pasar tidak sehat berupa melakukan praktek diskriminasi dan akusisi terhadap pelaku usaha tertentu “