TUGAS
SOFTSKIL
BAHASA
INGGRIS BISNIS 2#
MODAL
VERB
What are modal verbs?
Modals (also called modal verbs, modal
auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which
behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like
"work, play, visit..." They give additional information about
the function of the main verb that follows it. They
have a great variety of communicative functions.
Here are some characteristics of modal verbs:
·
They never change their form. You can't add "s",
"ed", "ing"...
·
They are always followed by an infinitive without "to"
(e.i. the bare infinitive.)
·
They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express
certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability
List of modal verbs
1. can
|
Use
|
Examples
|
|
ability to do sth. in
the present (substitute form: to be able to)
|
I can speak English.
|
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permission to do sth.
in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)
|
Can I go to
the cinema?
|
|
Request
|
Can you wait a moment, please?
|
|
Offer
|
I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
|
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Suggestion
|
Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?
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Possibility
|
It can get very hot in Arizona.
|
2. could
|
Use
|
Examples
|
||
|
ability to do sth. in
the past (substitute form: to be able to)
|
I could speak English.
|
||
|
permission to do sth.
in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to)
|
I could go to
the cinema.
|
||
|
permission to do sth.
in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to)
|
I could go to
the cinema.
|
||
|
polite question *
|
Could I go to the cinema, please?
|
||
|
polite request *
|
Could you wait a moment, please?
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||
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polite offer *
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I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
|
||
|
polite suggestion *
|
Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?
|
||
|
possibility *
|
It could get very
hot in Montana.
|
||
3. may
|
Use
|
Examples
|
|
Possibility
|
It may rain today.
|
|
permission to do sth.
in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)
|
May I go to
the cinema?
|
|
polite suggestion
|
May I help you?
|
4. might
|
Use
|
Examples
|
|
possibility (less
possible than may) *
|
It might rain today.
|
|
hesitant offer *
|
Might I
help you?
|
5. must
|
Use
|
Examples
|
|
force, necessity
|
I must go to
the supermarket today.
|
|
Possibility
|
You must be tired.
|
|
advice,
recommendation
|
You must see the
new film with Brad Pitt.
|
6. must not/may not
|
Use
|
Examples
|
|
prohibition (must is
a little stronger)
|
You mustn't work on dad's computer.
|
|
You may not work on dad's computer.
|
7. need not
|
Use
|
Examples
|
|
sth. is not necessary
|
I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to
the restaurant tonight.
|
8. ought to
simliar to should – ought
to sounds a little less
subjective
|
Use
|
Examples
|
|
Advice
|
You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
|
|
Obligation
|
You ought to switch off the light when you leave the
room.
|
9. shall
used instead
of will in the 1st person
|
Use
|
Examples
|
|
Suggestion
|
Shall I carry your bag?
|
10. should
|
Use
|
Examples
|
|
Advice
|
You should drive carefully in bad weather.
|
|
Obligation
|
You should switch off the light when you leave the
room.
|
11. will
|
Use
|
Examples
|
|
wish, request,
demand, order (less polite than would)
|
Will you
please shut the door?
|
|
prediction,
assumption
|
I think it will rain on Friday.
|
|
Promise
|
I will stop smoking.
|
|
spontaneous decision
|
Can somebody drive me
to the station? - I will.
|
|
Habits
|
She's strange, she'll sit for
hours without talking.
|
12. would
|
Use
|
Examples
|
|
wish, request (more
polite than will)
|
Would you shut the door, please?
|
|
habits in the past
|
Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.
|
Difference in Modal Verb
1.
Ought
to
These verbs are all modal verbs,
which means that they are generally used in combination with other verbs, and
are used to change the verb's meaning to something different from simple fact.
Modals express possibility, ability, prediction, permission, and necessity.
"Ought" is probably the
simplest of this set of modal verbs. It's almost always followed by
"to" and the infinitive form of a verb. It means the same thing as
"should," and is used in the same ways, although "ought" is
less common and a bit more formal. A few examples of "ought" are
"We ought to be home by noon," which means "I expect that we
will be home by noon," and "I ought to fix that," which means
"I should fix that."
2.
May , Might, Could
"May," "might,"
and "could" can all be used to say that something is possible, as in
"The story may/might/could be true" or "The painting may/might/could
be very old." You can use any of the three in contexts like these.
"May" and "might" can both be used to say that
one thing is true but that something else is also true, as in "This car
may/might be more expensive than the other cars, but it will be cheaper to
maintain." (If we used "could" instead of "may" or
"might" here the sentence would mean that it is not certain that the
car is more expensive than the other cars.
3. May, Can, Cloud
Both "may" and
"can" are used to indicate that something is allowed, but
"may" is more formal: "You may leave whenever you like" is
more formal than "You can go whenever you want to." Children are
often taught that only "may" is used for permission, and that
"can" is used only for ability. (For example, a child may ask a question
like "Can I go outside?" and the responding adult might correct the
child by saying that the child is able to go outside, but must ask permission
by using "may.") "Can," however, is often used for
permission.
"Can," "may,"
and "could" are all used to make requests. "May" is formal
in these contexts, while "can" and "could" appear mainly in
speech: "May I have your attention?" is more formal than "Can I
have your attention?" or "Could I have your attention?"Making
matters even more confusing, I think, is that two of the modal verbs we're
discussing are, aside from being modal verbs in their own rights, the past
tense forms of two of the others: "might" can be used as the past
tense of "may," and "could" is the past tense of
"can." "Might" functions as the past tense of
"may" mostly in formal contexts, as in "Generously, the senator
inquired as to whether she might be of any help to us." "(The usual
way of expressing past tense with "may" is "may" followed
by "have" and a past participle. The sentence "It may take
longer than they expect it to," becomes "It may have taken longer
than they expected it to.") "Could" is the usual past tense of
"can": "We could see the ocean from the window of the
cabin." (see also the usage note at "can") For
further guidance on these verbs, check the entries for each.
4. Will & would
We
use will to talk about the future, to
say what we believe will happen, to talk about what people want to do or are
willing to do, to make promises and offers.
Would
is the past tense form of will. Because it is a past tense it is used, to talk
about the past, to talk about hypotheses – things that are imagined rather than
true, for politeness.
5. Shall & Should
In
England, shall is used to express the simple future for first person I and we,
as in "Shall we meet by the river?". Using shall in second and third
persons would indicate some kind of promise about the subject, as in "This
shall be revealed to you in good time." This usage is certainly acceptable
in the U.S., although shall is used far less frequently. The distinction
between the two is often obscured by the contraction 'll, which is the same for
both verbs.
In
the United States, we seldom use shall for anything other than polite questions
(suggesting an element of permission) in the first-person:
1. "Shall
we go now?"
2. "Shall
I call a doctor for you?"
(In
the second sentence, many writers would use should instead, although should is
somewhat more tentative than shall.)
Should
is usually replaced, nowadays, by would. It is still used, however, to mean
"ought to" as in
1. You
really shouldn't do that.
2. If
you think that was amazing, you should have seen it last night.
In
British English and very formal American English, one is apt to hear or read
should with the first-person pronouns in expressions of liking such as "I
should prefer iced tea" and in tentative expressions of opinion such as
1. I
should imagine they'll vote Conservative.
2. I
should have thought so.
6.
Must
& Have to
We
can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a
logical deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason. We also use 'must'
to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some
personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost
certainly agrees with the obligation.).
We
can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to'
this usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation
necessary. in British English, we often use 'have got to' to mean the same as
'have to'.
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