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Rabu, 24 Mei 2017

TUGAS SOFTSKIL

tugas bahasa inggris bisnis 2#


IF CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Type I
We use this for a condition wich we belive is possible.
From



Type II
We use this for an imaginary condition, which we belive to be impossible.
We use the past tense although the speaker is thinking about the present of future.
 From

Type III
We use this to talk about past events which cannot be changed, so we know that condition is impossible and its consequence is imaginary.
From


Short Story With Conditional Sentense


"On Condition"

If someone had told me when I was at school, I would not have believed it. If I tell people today, they say they have not heard of it. Of course it was a long time ago. But it is true: if you were 18, you had to do something called national service. If you were reasonably fit — could stand up, walk about, sit down and then stand up again and not fall over — you would have to report to a military barracks near where you lived. If I had taken the trouble to think about the practical side of the matter, I could have chosen a different service. There were after all the navy and the airforce. The navy wasn't very likely unless you had had dozens of uncles and grandparents in the service before you.
            In my case this didn't apply at all. The airforce somehow appealed. I liked the idea of tearing through the skies away from it all. If I think about it now, I just can't imagine why I liked the idea especially since flying for me today is a total nightmare. It probably came from Great Aunt Mary - she wasn't that big but she had acquired the title "great" because she'd been alive for so long. Anyhow she used to say: "If you really do your national service, you'll probably be a pilot. I can just see you sitting in a nice aeroplane." Of course if you objected to any type of violence against your fellow man, you could always object — officially I mean. If you thought along those lines, you were called a "conscientious objector" and you had to appear before a special tribunal and explain your reasons. Again you would probably be exempt from military service if you came from a long line of conscientious objectors. In that case you would work in a hospital for two years as a porter.
But then my family didn't do a lot of objecting. I came from an ancestral background who generally agreed with the majority. We didn't like to make a fuss. The general philosophy that prevailed was: "If I were you dear, I'd get on with it." On top of that I wasn't very conscientious either. We had a black sheep in the family of course. He telephoned me shortly before my 18th birthday and said: "If you really want to get out of doing national service, I'll help you all I can. If I were you, I'd do what I'm doing." His idea was to live abroad until he was 26 and then come home. It seemed a bit extreme to me. If he'd known what happened in the end, he would have done it here because he got caught for military service in the other country where he was living!
For those few months after I was 18 I was like a cat on a hot tin roof. If the telephone rang, I would jump in the air. If the postman arrived late, I couldn't relax until he had delivered the post and I had checked every item. My parents said to me one morning: "If you don't relax, you'll end up having a nervous break down. If the post does come, there's, nothing you can do about it. If I were, you ... " but I didn't listen to the rest of the sentence because a thought had come into my mind. Supposing I were, mad, supposing I didn't know, who I was, supposing I pretended, that I didn't understand a word anybody was saying - surely the Queen wouldn't want, a madman in her army. I tried it for a few days but it was too much like hard work. You can imagine the comments: "If you're, trying to get out of conscription by pretending to be barmy, just forget, it because it isn't working ... if you honestly imagine, that your mother and I are taken in by this stupid behaviour then you are, very much mistaken. I can only repeat if I were you ..." Time passed slowly and I began to think that If I kept quiet about it, maybe the army would forget about me.
One bright autumn day in September after a particularly good night's sleep I strolled downstairs and saw what I took to be a postcard. A card from a late holiday maker perhaps? It wasn't. It was a card informing me that I had to report to H.M. Tower of London and giving me permission to travel there by underground - one-way only of course. And that's how I came to spend the first part of my national service in the Tower. Nobody now believes me if I tell them I was there for three months but then I still have the emotional scars to prove it. They tell me that if you want to visit the Tower as a tourist nowadays, it is quite expensive. I haven't been back. I think three months is long enough if you want to get to know a place. There are other places of interest near the City of London. Now, if I were you ...

If Conditional Type 1 (Merah)
a.       If I tell people today, they say they have not heard of it.
b.     If I think about it now, I just can't imagine why I liked the idea especially since flying for me today is a total nightmare.

If Conditional Type 2 (Biru)
a.       If the telephone rang, I would jump in the air
b.      If I kept quiet about it, maybe the army would forget about me.

If Conditional Type 3 (Hijau)
a.       If someone had told me when I was at school, I would not have believed it.
b.     If I had taken the trouble to think about the practical side of the matter, I could have chosen a different service.


Source: http://www.english-test.net/lessons/13/index.html

Sabtu, 29 April 2017

TUGAS SOFTSKIL

TUGAS SOFTSKIL
BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2#
MODAL VERB


What are modal verbs?
Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great variety of communicative functions.
Here are some characteristics of modal verbs:
·         They never change their form. You can't add "s", "ed", "ing"...
·         They are always followed by an infinitive without "to" (e.i. the bare infinitive.)
·         They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability
List of modal verbs

1. can

Use
Examples
ability to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be able to)
I can speak English.
permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)
Can I go to the cinema?
Request
Can you wait a moment, please?
Offer
I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
Suggestion
Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?
Possibility
It can get very hot in Arizona.

2. could

Use
Examples
ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to)
I could speak English.
permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to)
I could go to the cinema.
permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to)
I could go to the cinema.
polite question *
Could I go to the cinema, please?
polite request *
Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer *
I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
polite suggestion *
Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility *
It could get very hot in Montana.

3. may

Use
Examples
Possibility
It may rain today.
permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)
May I go to the cinema?
polite suggestion
May I help you?

4. might

Use
Examples
possibility (less possible than may) *
It might rain today.
hesitant offer *
Might I help you?

5. must

Use
Examples
force, necessity
I must go to the supermarket today.
Possibility
You must be tired.
advice, recommendation
You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.

6. must not/may not

Use
Examples
prohibition (must is a little stronger)
You mustn't work on dad's computer.
You may not work on dad's computer.

7. need not

Use
Examples
sth. is not necessary
I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the restaurant tonight.

8. ought to

simliar to should – ought to sounds a little less subjective
Use
Examples
Advice
You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
Obligation
You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room.

9. shall

used instead of will in the 1st person
Use
Examples
Suggestion
Shall I carry your bag?

10. should

Use
Examples
Advice
You should drive carefully in bad weather.
Obligation
You should switch off the light when you leave the room.

11. will

Use
Examples
wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would)
Will you please shut the door?
prediction, assumption
I think it will rain on Friday.
Promise
I will stop smoking.
spontaneous decision
Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will.
Habits
She's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking.

12. would

Use
Examples
wish, request (more polite than will)
Would you shut the door, please?
habits in the past
Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.

Difference in Modal Verb
1.      Ought to
These verbs are all modal verbs, which means that they are generally used in combination with other verbs, and are used to change the verb's meaning to something different from simple fact. Modals express possibility, ability, prediction, permission, and necessity.
"Ought" is probably the simplest of this set of modal verbs. It's almost always followed by "to" and the infinitive form of a verb. It means the same thing as "should," and is used in the same ways, although "ought" is less common and a bit more formal. A few examples of "ought" are "We ought to be home by noon," which means "I expect that we will be home by noon," and "I ought to fix that," which means "I should fix that."

2.      May , Might, Could

"May," "might," and "could" can all be used to say that something is possible, as in "The story may/might/could be true" or "The painting may/might/could be very old." You can use any of the three in contexts like these.
"May" and "might" can both be used to say that one thing is true but that something else is also true, as in "This car may/might be more expensive than the other cars, but it will be cheaper to maintain." (If we used "could" instead of "may" or "might" here the sentence would mean that it is not certain that the car is more expensive than the other cars.
3.      May, Can, Cloud
Both "may" and "can" are used to indicate that something is allowed, but "may" is more formal: "You may leave whenever you like" is more formal than "You can go whenever you want to." Children are often taught that only "may" is used for permission, and that "can" is used only for ability. (For example, a child may ask a question like "Can I go outside?" and the responding adult might correct the child by saying that the child is able to go outside, but must ask permission by using "may.") "Can," however, is often used for permission.
"Can," "may," and "could" are all used to make requests. "May" is formal in these contexts, while "can" and "could" appear mainly in speech: "May I have your attention?" is more formal than "Can I have your attention?" or "Could I have your attention?"Making matters even more confusing, I think, is that two of the modal verbs we're discussing are, aside from being modal verbs in their own rights, the past tense forms of two of the others: "might" can be used as the past tense of "may," and "could" is the past tense of "can." "Might" functions as the past tense of "may" mostly in formal contexts, as in "Generously, the senator inquired as to whether she might be of any help to us." "(The usual way of expressing past tense with "may" is "may" followed by "have" and a past participle. The sentence "It may take longer than they expect it to," becomes "It may have taken longer than they expected it to.") "Could" is the usual past tense of "can": "We could see the ocean from the window of the cabin." (see also the usage note at "can") For further guidance on these verbs, check the entries for each.

4.      Will & would
We use will to talk about the future,  to say what we believe will happen, to talk about what people want to do or are willing to do, to make promises and offers.
Would is the past tense form of will. Because it is a past tense it is used, to talk about the past, to talk about hypotheses – things that are imagined rather than true, for politeness.
5.      Shall & Should
In England, shall is used to express the simple future for first person I and we, as in "Shall we meet by the river?". Using shall in second and third persons would indicate some kind of promise about the subject, as in "This shall be revealed to you in good time." This usage is certainly acceptable in the U.S., although shall is used far less frequently. The distinction between the two is often obscured by the contraction 'll, which is the same for both verbs.
In the United States, we seldom use shall for anything other than polite questions (suggesting an element of permission) in the first-person:
1.      "Shall we go now?"
2.      "Shall I call a doctor for you?"
(In the second sentence, many writers would use should instead, although should is somewhat more tentative than shall.)
Should is usually replaced, nowadays, by would. It is still used, however, to mean "ought to" as in
1.      You really shouldn't do that.
2.      If you think that was amazing, you should have seen it last night.
In British English and very formal American English, one is apt to hear or read should with the first-person pronouns in expressions of liking such as "I should prefer iced tea" and in tentative expressions of opinion such as
1.      I should imagine they'll vote Conservative.
2.      I should have thought so.

6.      Must & Have to
We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a logical deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason. We also use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.).
We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary. in British English, we often use 'have got to' to mean the same as 'have to'.

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